Science of the Arts With Stock | Camera Obscura

Science of the Arts With Stock | Camera Obscura

Aim : Find out about the camera obscura and improve my skills for the Arts Kete

• What is the camera obscura? 
• How does it work?
• Is there a way to make one at home or at school?

Fun Fact - The camera obscura is Dark Chamber in Latin.

How to make a Simple Camera Obscura

Equipment -

• Cardboard
• Marker
• Ruler
• Tracing Paper
• Cheap Magnifying Glass Lens
• Pen
• Craft Knife
• Strong Tape

Lens

Before you start making the actual camera, you will need to find out the focal length of your lens. Here is how to find that out -

1. Find a room that has light coming into a window, or a flashlight and a white wall opposite it.

2. Take your lens and put it a couple of centimetres away from the wall. If you go backwards and forwards, you will see the sharpness of the shadow change.

3. Adjust the sharpness of the shadow by moving it, and find the sharpest point.

5. Keep your hand still and measure with a ruler the length from the wall to the lens.

The distance is what your focal length is. Once you have found out your focal length, times that number by 2. This is how wide your box should be. For example, if the focal length is 30cm, Box = 60cm wide. The height of the box shouldn't matter too much, just as long as it is higher than the length of the lens.

Camera

1. Cut out the cardboard to size depending on your focal length.

2. Tape or Glue the cardboard pieces together to create a tube.

3. Trace the bottom of the tube onto another piece of cardboard to get a bottom piece.

4. Mark and cut out a hole for the lens on the bottom piece.

5. Tape the lens in place.

6. Tape or Glue the bottom piece to the tube.

7. Cut another tube that is half the length of the one you just made, and tape it together.

8.  Trace the bottom of the smaller tube onto tracing paper and cut it out.

9. Cut the corners out of the tracing paper you just cut, and tape it onto the small tube.

10. Place the smaller tube into the larger tube.

Trying it Out

1. Point the camera onto your subject.

2. Look into the tube.

You will see an upside down image that is being projected onto the tracing paper.

Tip : To focus, slide the smaller tube forwards and backwards to find the right spot.

There are other designs to do a camera obscura, but this one is a very simple one.

Video tutorial -

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y0wenfVfHuo

 The focal length of my lens - 15cm

Length of the box-  30cm

My experiment went very well, and better than I expected. While researching how to make this, I thought this would be a hard task, but managed to get it done.

Here are the results -

The Camera

The Paper / Viewfinder

The Lens

The Pictures I took -

The camera obscura makes the pictures turn upside down.

Here is what it looks like when it is turned upside down.

Here are some other pictures I took

What is the Camera Obscura?

The camera obscura is a simple but amazing camera. It is basically a box, or depending on how big you build it, a chamber, that is very dark. The box has a lens, or a pinhole, and light travels through it. When the light travels through, and reflects on the paper.

The Science behind the Camera Obscura -

How does it work? -
The camera works by using light. When you point the camera/lens at a subject, the lens picks it up, bends it, and reflects the light inside, onto the paper.

Why is the picture upside down?
Since the lens we use is super small, when light travels into it, the light rays get bent, turning the image upside down.

What I have found out -

To make the image clear and bright, before you make the camera, you will need to find the focal length of your lens. I have also found out that the box you use needs to be dark. If any light that gets in that is not needed, it will ruin the image.

Learning about the Camera Obscura has been amazing. It has made me understand the history of the camera even more better. To my surprise, I have also found out that this method is still used in DSLR camera lens. I got open my lens, and checked the inside of it. What I found was a pinhole, and a mirror to reflect the light. This is very similar to what the Camera Obscura is.

Before I did this experiment, I did not think it would work. If it could work, I figured that it would cost a lot of money to do. This experiment proved me wrong!

What I could work on next time is to get better measurements. The box was just a little too short, and it was difficult holding the whole thing. I would also try to add a mirror inside to reflect it up so that the image isn't upside down.

I definitely enjoyed this experiment / project. It taught me a lot of things, and it was very fun. It has definitely improved my understanding of Photography, and has taught me to appreciate the history of it.

Where does NZ fit into the Theory of Continental Drift?

Where does NZ fit into the Theory of Continental Drift?

Why does NZ not have any crocodiles?

In New Zealand, there are no crocodiles at all. No introduced, and no native. This is because the land that would later become New Zealand, broke off from Gondwanaland, more specifically Australia, just as the crocodiles were starting to develop in Australia. 

 Why are there no evidence of Woolly Mammoths in NZ?

Woolly Mammoth fossils have never been found in NZ. It is believed that the Woolly Mammoth could not survive in NZ's climate and condition at the time.

Triassic and Jurassic | Plants and Animals

Jurassic

 Animals

Brachiosaurus

Stegosaurus

Allosaurus

Plants

Gingkos

Cycads

Fern

Triassic

Animals

Therapsids

Archosaurs

Plants

Conifers

Changes in Nature - Geologic Time Periods

Changes in Nature

What are Geologic Time Periods?

What happened in each period?

Precambrian - Earliest

First organisms, all single cell. Some oxygen is present in this period. 

Later - Multicelled organisms form.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Cambrian - 540 Million Years Ago

The Cambrian period is where the first examples of ancient life were found. The climate of the Earth at the start of this period was cold, but over time grew warmer. In this period, continents were still forming. Lots of different organisms. Some of the earliest animals in this period had a backbone. There were lots of carbon dioxide.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ordovician - 490 Million Years Ago

There were lots of animals without skeletons. Early shellfish, trilobites, nautilus, starfish, and fish were present during this time. The first green plants and fungi were formed. It was also the end of The First Ice Age at this time. 

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Silurian - 443 Million Years Ago

First advanced plants were formed. Jawed fish were present with armour. More shellfish were present too.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Devonian - 416 Million Years Ago

The first ferns were formed. The first fir trees with seeds were formed too. The first wingless insects were present during this time. The first amphibians were present too. Some animals from earlier periods die out, due to the climate changes. It was a cool climate during this time.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Carboniferous - 354 Million Years Ago

During this time, the land was swampy. The first "coal" forest was formed. (Trees --> coal over millions of years). Early sharks started to develop too. Large trees also developed, along with reptiles and vertebrates. Trilobites start to disappear during this time. Glaciers start to form. Winged insects are present in this time too.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Permian - 290 Million Years Ago

Land masses have formed 1 continent 'Pangaea'. Glaciers disappeared since the climate started to warm up. Lots of reptiles were present. The first cone bearing trees were present. Beetles and flies appear. There was plenty of life in the oceans. 

251% of life became extinct due to the climate changes, and other reasons.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Triassic - 248 Million Years Ago
In this time, dinosaurs, first mammals, and crocodiles appear. Modern corals and fish also appear.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Jurassic - 206 Million Years Ago
In this time, there were many different types of dinosaurs roaming the Earth. Big dinosaurs, little dinosaurs. Ferns and cone bearing plants appear at this time. Mammals are common, but were small. First birds and lizards were appearing. Land mass - Pangea breaks up into Gondwanaland and Laurasia. High Carbon Dioxide levels.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Cretaceous - 144 Million Years Ago

There were many dinosaurs in this time, including the famous Tyrannosaurus. New types of insects appear. Flowering plants appear and become plentiful. Modern crocodiles and sharks appear. Early birds appear. Gondwanaland breaks up. Rocky mountains appear. Carbon dioxide decreases into a similar level to today.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Paleogene - 65 Million Years Ago

Modern plants developing at this time. Lots of different mammals are on Earth. Dinosaurs have become extinct at this time. Primitive whales appear. Grass starts to appear. Rapid changes in Mammals. Climate cools down. Ice age begins and ends during this period.

Fact - At this time, the Sahara Desert was covered in grass.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Neogene - 23 Million Years Ago

Modern climate. Modern mammals and birds. Horses evolve from dog like animals. Lots of grass is on Earth. First apes appear. Southern Alps of NZ appear.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Quaternary - 1.8 Million Years Ago ---> Present
- Anatomically modern humans
- Human stone age culture
- Ice age comes and goes
- Sahara forms from grassland
- Humans become agriculture
- Industrial revolution leads to rise in carbon dioxide levels

Stone age ---> Bronze Age ---> Iron Age
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Endangered Species

Saving the Whales

http://www.greenpeace.org/new-zealand/Global/new-zealand/image/2006/12/there-are-more-economic-benefi.jpg

Why do we need to protect them?

Whales are an important animal in NZ. They play a big part to the food chain. 

What is the cause of the animal population decreasing in number?

The population of the whales are decreasing mainly because of humans. Some examples of human impact are, whaling, whales colliding with ships, and entanglement in fishing gear. There has been an estimated 40,000 whales that have been killed in NZ. Ocean pollution plays a part in this too. Plastic and other materials get into the whales, as they think that it's food. 
Remember to always put your rubbish in the bin, and recycle as much as you can.

What is being done to help them?

DOC (Department of Conservation) have set up whale watching operations. DOC have also set up a hotline you can call to report sightings of whales.

How successful is this help?

Effect of 1080

What is it?

1080 is a chemical compound (a poison) that is mixed into baits and is used to control pests in NZ such as rats, stoats, possums, etc.

FACTS

1. 

There has been an estimated 40,000 whales that have been killed in NZ since 1827

2. 
In 1986, commercial whaling was banned and made illegal. The only countries it is not banned in are Japan, Norway, and Ireland.

3.
Ocean pollution plays a part in killing whales too. Plastic that gets into oceans lead to the whales mistakenly eating it, thinking it is food.

4.
 Humans killed at least 2.8 million whales in the 20th century.
5.

A blue whale is larger than a basketball court.

Whales breed every 1-2 years.

Introduced Species in New Zealand

Introduced Species in New Zealand

What does 'introduced species' mean?

Introduced species are species that have been brought to another place, outside of its native area, into another area, by humans, either accidentally, or on purpose.

Why were they brought to NZ?

They were brought to NZ with the thought that they would fix a problem with the environment. Soon after they came, they created another problem.

Stoats were brought to NZ to control rabbits eating food from farms, but soon spread out and killed young native
Possums eat many native species including snails and beetles as well as native birds. Possums decimate forest canopies and compete directly with native birds like kiwi for food and resources.

Possums spread bovine tuberculosis to cattle and deer, resulting in high costs and lost productivity, and also harm horticulture and commercial forestry crops.

Why have their numbers exploded?

The numbers have grown because the species are living a care free life. They have no other predators coming after them, and they reproduce to make more. 

What effect do they have on our native plants and animals?

The species have had both positive and negative impacts. Some of them were brought to NZ to fix a problem, but then made another problem.

How is DOC (Department of Conservation) trying to get rid of them?

Choose 2 introduced species :
- Write about how they are affecting our native forests, grasslands, and birds.

- What control methods are being used?

- Are these methods having any success?

LIST OF INTRODUCED SPECIES IN NEW ZEALAND :

Rabbits

Possums

Rats

Stoats

Ferrets

Weasels

Goats

Tahr

Red Deer

Wallaby

Pigs

Senses Practical

Senses Practical

Taste :
1. Vegemite

2. Apple Sauce

3. Cornflakes

4. Marshmallows

5. Sour Bears

Smell :

1. vinegar

4. Bananas

5. Coffee

6. Chocolate

7. Onion

Touch :

1.  Grass

2. Clothes pin

3.  Pinecone

4. Sponge

5. BUtton

6. String

7. Cotton

8. Beads - Wrong

9. Marbles

Today, we learnt about 3 of the 5 senses. Taste, Smell, and Touch. Miss Rhodes put out containers across the room, with food and objects. We were put into partners, and one of us were blind folded. The other partner had to record what the other person got. We went around the room, and used our senses, taste, smell, touch. According to my other partner, it wasn't hard, but it wasn't easy.

Kaitiakitanga

Kaitiakitanga

What is Kaitiakitanga?

Kaitiakitanga means guardianship and protection - taking care of the environment.

Nuclear Disasters :

1. Fukushima

- What?

Fukushima Disaster was a nuclear energy disaster at the nuclear power plant in Fukushima. 

- Where?

The Fukushima Disaster was located in Fukushima, Japan, at the nuclear power plant.

- When?

The Fukushima Disaster happened in 11 March 2011, during the earthquake and tsunami.

- Why are these important?

These disasters are important to know about, so that in the future, we won't make the same mistake again. We need to take care of our environment, and not destroy it. 

- What effect have they had on the areas around them?

- What has been done to protect the surrounding areas from Chernobyl's radiation?
- What have we learnt from them? 

http://ta1.universaltelegra.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/fukushima.jpg

In this picture, you can see that the Fukushima had a big impact not only in Japan, but in the Pacific Ocean. The nuclear power got transferred to the Pacific Ocean, due to the tsunami that occurred in Japan, and it swept all the power into the ocean. 

2. Chernobyl

- What

- Where

- When

- Why are these important

- What effect have they had on the areas around them?
- What has been done to protect the surrounding areas from Chernobyl's radiation?
- What have we learnt from them?

Tendons, Ligaments, Muscles

Tendons : connect muscles to bones

Ligaments : connect bone to bone

Muscles :

Cartilage

Cartilage

• Tough
• Smooth
• Strong
• On ends of bones that move across each other
• Stops friction
• Acts as a shock absorber

Causes of Cartilage Damage

• Heavy Impact -----> Injury
• Wear and Tear
• Stress
• Lack of movement

Damage results in bones grinding as they move over each other, which can lead to a disease called Arthritis.

Types of Arthritis -

Osteoporosis and Rheumatoid Arthritis

Osteoporosis - Your bones get gritty

Rheumatoid - Your bones become swollen and painful and you can't move them.

The main difference between osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis is the cause of them. Osteoporosis can be caused by wear and tear on joints. Rheumatoid Arthritis is caused by a disease where the body's own immune system attacks the body's joints.

http://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/media/medical/hw/h9991264_001_1.jpg

Bones

Bones

How many bones does a baby have?

300

How many bones does an adult have?

206

Structure of the long bone eg femur

a) "Structure of bones" - Youtube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ndNbRSWSUz8

b) Structure of bones for kids - Image

What is the Spongy bone for?

What is the Membrane for?

What is the Compact bone for?
What is the Cartilage for?
What is the Periosteum for?
What are the Blood Vessels for?
What is the Red Bone Marrow for?
What is the Yellow Bone Marrow for?

Types of Joints

Ball + Socket

The ball + socket joint is found in the hip and shoulder.

Gliding (Condyloid)

The gliding joint is found in your wrist.

Hinge

The hinge joint is found in your elbow, fingers, toes, and knees.

Pivot

The Skeleton

The Skeleton

Names of bones

The Skull - Cranium

Collarbone - Clavicle

Scapula - Shoulder blade

Humerus - Upper part of the arm

Ribs 

Vertebrae - Backbone

Radius - Forearm

Pelvis 

Ulna

Carpals

Metacarpals

Phalanges

Femur - Thigh bone

Patella - Knee cap

Fibula

Tibia

Tarsals

Metatarsals

Science Class - Anatomy Model

Disassembled

Assembled

Today, Mrs Rhodes brought in a model of the human body. She showed the organs of the bodies, and I didn't expect them to be as small as they were. 

Anatomy - Organs

Anatomy - Organs

The Brain

The Brain is one of the most important organs in our body. The Brain is what controls our whole body!

The Eyes

http://www.lookingglassoptical.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Eye-Anatomy-How-Does-Your-Eye-Work.png

The eyes are important, as they make us see things. Without the eyes, we wouldn't see anything. 

The Oesophagus

Left Image - Right Image

The Oesophagus is basically a food pipe. After we put food into our mouth and swallow it, it goes down the food pipe, and into the stomach. 

The Lungs


https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/c1/d0/a1/c1d0a1d48439633ea124543cf586ac6f.gif

The Lungs are where the gases we inhale go into.

The Heart


http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/images/pictures/humanbody/heartdiagram.jpg

The heart is located not exactly in the middle, but more to the left near our chest. The heart is what pumps out blood around your body. 

Liver 

http://www.ehealthstar.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Liver-anatomy.jpg

The liver produces protein, and breaks down old and damaged blood cells. It is located near the upper abdomen. 

Stomach

http://www.digestivedistress.com/sites/default//files/graphics/stomac1.gif

The stomach secretes acid and enzymes that digest food. 

Large Intestine

http://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/media/medical/hw/h9991263_001.jpg

The large inestine absorbs water from the remaining indigestible food matter from the body.
Small Intestine

http://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/media/medical/hw/hwkb17_007_04.jpg

The Small Intestine is where 90% of digestion and absorption of food occurs.

Kidneys

http://image.wikifoundry.com/image/3/Iry5vTC_Z4_o2RiNd7NVXw173120/GW625H362

You have two kidneys in your body. Both kidneys filter blood to produce urine. If for whatever reason you have one kidney, you will be able to live normally.

Rectum

http://www.rmedicare.com/images/rectum.jpg

The Rectum is where the last stages of digestion take place. The rectum is where feces are temporarily stored in before it leaves through the anus.

Anus

http://images.medicinenet.com/images/image_collection/anatomy/anus.jpg

The Anus is the last stage of digestion, and it is where all the waste and other things get out.

Pancreas

http://columbiasurgery.org/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/pancreas_anatomy_label.jpg?itok=zvyjdtov

The Pancreas continues to break down food that has left the stomach. It also makes digestive chemicals such as, enzymes, that help us digest food.

Gallbladder


http://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/media/medical/hw/h9991361_002.jpg

The gallbladder's job is to store bile, and break down and digest fat that we eat.

Spleen

http://img.tfd.com/MosbyMD/thumb/spleen.jpg

The Spleen acts as a filter for blood. Old blood cells are recycled in the spleen, and white blood cells are stored there. The spleen also helps fight certain kinds of bacteria that cause infections.

Appendix

http://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/articles/image_article_collections/anatomy_pages/appendix3.jpg?resize=646px:*&output-quality=100

The appendix is located near the large intestine. It doesn't really do much for your body. 

Anatomy of Me

Anatomy of Me

First Drawing of anatomy (What we thought)

Today we had a task studying anatomy, but before we could look on the internet, we had to draw what we thought ourselves. We had the majority of our organs in the right place, but a few organs such as the liver, intestine, and a few other organs in the wrong place. On a scale from 1-10, I think my group and I did a 8/10.

Chemist

What does a chemist do?

Prac. Big Pieces/ Small Pices

       Use : Quiz Eze Tablets
Expt : For each of the following use
100ml water and record to dissolve completely. You will have 4 beakers.
     

1. Use a whole tablet
2. cut 1 tablet in half and put both into water
3. cut 1 tablet into 4 pieces and put all 4 pieces into water
4. crush 1 tablet and add all of it to water

Paper Making Through The Ages

Paper Making Through The Ages


What was used? - 

Ancient Egypt - Papyrus
Chinese - Tsai 


The path travelled around the world - include : Samarand. 
Samarand, Europe, China, England

What relevance has religion to the spread and development of paper. -
In England, the Bible used to be made from Parchment.
What materials have been used? - 
Rags, cotton and Linen
Paper Making in New Zealand -
Kawerau 

Parchment Sheepskin

Wood pulp. Wood pulp is a watery substance that is full of cellulose wood fibres, lignin, water, and the chemicals used during the pulping process.

Archimedes Screw

How do you get water up a hill? 

Job - Agricultural Soil Specialist 
Scenario - Your client wants to plant crops in a field 1.5 above the local river. He needs to get water to this field and has no electricity to run a pump and no hose. He must start from scratch. How is he gonna do it? 

Archimedes Screw = Archimedes, a greek mathematician

Archimedes, of Syracuse, was a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer. He was most famous for his invention, the Archimedes Screw. He was born in 287 BC, in Italy. He then died in 218 BC, also in Italy.

How does the Archimedes Screw work? - 
Science. The Archimedes screw consists of a screw  inside a hollow pipe. The screw is usually turned by windmill, manual labour, or cattle. As the shaft turns the bottom end scoops up a volume of water.

Other uses for the archimedes screw is to get seeds and other dry materials. 

Christchurch Water

Christchurch Water

1. Christchurch stormwater :

 - What is it? - Stormwater is water that comes from the rain. It runs off of roof tops, parking lots, streets, yards, sidewalks, and fields.
                                  
  - Where does it go? - If stormwater cannot sink into the ground, it flows around the surface of the ground, finding its way into a storm drain. The purpose of storm drains is to prevent flooding of the streets. These storm drains quickly transfer stormwater into natural bodies of water, such as, lakes, rivers, oceans, streams, etc. The problem with this is that the pollutants that the stormwater carry, also go into our natural waterways.
                                  
  - What contaminates it? -  Things that get into it that shouldn't be in it. For example, if you were to litter in the outside gutters, then it would contaminate the stormwater when it goes into the gutters. Another example would be, when you are washing your car and you wash it on the driveway and or street, the soap that you use will eventually go into the gutters, thus contaminating it. That is why it is best to just wash your car on the lawn, so that it soaks in the grass. 

2. Christchurch wastewater :

 - What is it? - Wastewater, also called sewage, is water that comes from your toilets, showers, drains, sinks, etc.
                                 
  - Where does it go? - Christchurch wastewater flows by gravity, in pump stations, which pump the waters in low areas around the city. Five terminal pump stations then pump all the flow to the treatment plant.There are a total of 239 pump stations, lift stations, and vacuum stations located around Christchurch. All stations are connected by radio to a main control room and monitored by a team at Christchurch Wastewater Treatment Plant. 


                                 
   - What contaminates it? - Things that shouldn't be in the water.  eg. Water from toilets, basins, showers, your kitchen, industrial industries, etc.
           
3. Where does Christchurch get its water? - People say that Christchurch's water supply is one of the best in the whole entire world - with untreated drinking water available straight from the tap. Christchurch's underground aquifers mean that residents around Christchurch continue to enjoy an untreated water supply from natural underground reservoirs. The water that comes from here is used to supply the Christchurch urban area, Lyttleton, Diamond Harbour, and Governors Bay. 




4. Where does Auckland's water supply come from?
Aucklands water supply comes from their dams. The dams are located mainly in Hunua and Waitakere ranges. Together, they supply 80%  of the region's drinking water.  The other 20% comes from the Waikato river, and the water here is dealt with very carefully. 
5. What waterborne diseases and parasites can we catch in nz? 
Here in NZ, we can catch :

• E.coli - This is found in poop. 
• Giardia

6. Christchurch's wastewater is treated after use. 

• Where is it treated?
  What are the steps involved in treating it?
• What happens at each step? 
• How long does each step take?
• Where does the treated wastewater go?

7. Small towns do not always treat their wastewater in the same way as Christchurch. Name a small town that has a wastewater treatment system. How do they treat their water? Is it as good as Christchurch's system?